Why you may need yet another database - operational vs analytical systems

If your company has long been say, an Oracle shop, yet you’ve got a purchase order in your hand for yet another database, you may be wondering why, just why you need another database?

Let’s face it, when it comes to performing analytics on big data, there are major structural differences in the ways that databases work.  Your project team is asking you for technology that is best suited for the problem at hand.  You need to know that databases tend specialize and offer different characteristics and benefits to an organization.

Let’s start exploring this concept by considering a challenge where multiple analytical environments are needed to solve a problem.  For example, consider a security analytics application where a company wants to both a) look at the live stream of web and application logs and be aware immediately of unusual activity in order to thwart an attack, and; b) perform forensic analysis of say, three months of log data, to determine vulnerabilities and understand completely what has happened in the past.  You need be able to look quickly at both the stream and the data lake for answers.

Unfortunately, no solution on the market offers the ultimate solution for doing both of these tasks, particularly if we need to accomplish the tasks with huge volumes of data. Be suspicious of any vendor who claims to specialize in both because the very underpinnings of the database are usually formulated with one or the other (or something completely different) in mind.  Either you use a ton of memory and cache for quick storage and in-memory analytics, or you optimize the data as it’s stored to enhance the performance of long-running queries.

A Database is Not Just a Database

Two common types of databases used in the above scenario are operational and analytical. In operational systems, the goal is to ingest data quickly with minimal transformations. The analytics that are performed often look more at the stream on data, looking for outliers or interruptions in normal operations.  You may hear these referred to as “small queries” because they tend to look at smaller amounts of data and ask more simple questions.

On the other hand, analytical databases are more likely tied to the questions that the business wants to answer from the data. To more quickly answer questions like “how many widgets did we sell last year by region”, data is modeled to answer in the quickest way possible. These are often where long queries are executed, queries that involve JOINs with lots of data. Highly scalable databases are often the best solution here, since it’s always best to scale up with more hardware, give access to information consumers and democratize the analytics.  Columnar databases like Vertica fit the bill very well for analytics because they do just that – preconfigure the data for fast analytics at petabyte scale. 

Enter the Messaging Bus

If you agree that sometimes we need a nimble analytical database to fly through our small queries and a full-fledged MPP system to do our heavy lifting, then how do we reconcile data between the systems? In the past, practitioners would write custom code to have the systems share data, but the complexity of doing this, given that data models and applications are always changing, is high. An easier approach in the recent past was to create data integration (ETL) jobs.  The ETL would help manage the metadata, data models and any change in the applications. 

Today, the choice is often a messaging bus. Apache Kafka is often used to take on this task because it’s fast and scalable. It uses a publish-subscribe messaging system to share data with any application that subscribes to it. Having one standard for data sharing makes sense for both the users and software developers.  If you want to make a new database part of your ecosystem, sharing data is simplified if it supports Kafka or another messaging bus technology.

Who is doing this today?

As I mentioned earlier, for many companies, the solution is to have both analytical and operational solutions. With today’s big data workloads, companies like Playtika, for example, have implemented Kakfa and Spark to handle operational data and columnar for in-depth analytics.  You can read more about Playtika’s story here.  These architectures may be more complex, but have a huge benefit of being able to handle just about any workload thrown at it.  They can handle the volume and veracity of data while maximizing the value it can bring to the organization.

That’s not all

There are other specialists in the database world.  For example, Graph databases apply graph theory to the storage of information about the relationships between entries. Think about social media where understanding the relationships between people is the goal, or recommendation engines that link the buyers’ affinity to purchase an item based in their history. Relationship queries in your standard database can be slow and unpredictable. Graph databases are designed specifically for this sort of thing. More about that topic can be found in Walt Maguire’s excellentblog posts. 

The Format War for Hadoop Structured Data

A war is raging that pits Hadoop distribution vendors against each other in determining exactly how to store structured big data. The battle is between the ORC file format, spearheaded by Hortonworks, and the Parquet file format, promoted by Cloudera.

ORC and Parquet are separate Apache projects with the similar goal of providing very fast analytics. To achieve performance, the formats have similar characteristics in that they both store data in columns rather than rows. This enables a majority of analytics to run faster than if the data was stored in rows or some semi-structured format. They also both support compression; when you store data in columns, it tends to compress very efficiently.  It’s easier to compress a column of dates, for example, than it is to compress mixed numbers, dates and strings. Compression saves you intensive disk access, a common bottleneck for analytics.

If you’re part of the HPE Vertica community, the goals of ORC and Parquet may sound familiar.  Columnar databases, including Vertica, have had columnar formats as part of the core product since the beginning. Before ORC and Parquet were in incubation, Vertica developed the ROS format for columnar, compressed big data storage.  Over the years, we have tuned and enhanced the format by adding a large number of compression algorithms designed to make the data storage and retrieval very efficient.  We’ve thought through features like backup and restore. After all, with a columnar store database, the concept of incremental backup/restore changes quite a bit.  We’ve had time to think through security, encryption and a long list of challenges when managing data in columnar format.

Orc vs Parquet – War, what is it good for?

Which format is better? Hortonworks has argued that ORC is ahead of Parquet in its capabilities to do predicate pushdown.  In layman terms, this claim is about performing analytics closer to where the data sits rather than spurring on excess network traffic. Cloudera has argued for Parquet in its efficient C++ code base.  It also argues that ORC data containers are primarily described with HIVE, while Parquet’s data containers can be described using HIVE, Thrift and AVRO.  The important thing to remember is that if you have chosen Hortonworks as your Hadoop distribution, it may be a little tricky to perform analytics on Parquet.  Accessing ORC files from Cloudera might also be a challenge.

At HPE, our goal is to seamlessly support ORC, Parquet and ROS as part of the Vertica analytics platform. Vertica has developed an ORC reader, in collaboration with Hortonworks, to be super-efficient at performing analytics on ORC files.  Just this week we also announced certification of Vertica on the CDH 5 platform and we have connectors into Parquet via our HDFS connector.  We’re also working with Cloudera to continuously optimize our Parquet file access. The goal is to read, write and federate multiple formats to minimize unnecessary data movement and transformations. For the information workers who need to run analytics, it shouldn’t matter where the data sits or in what format.

On the Horizon – Kudu

The aforementioned file formats are tied to analytical use cases.  In other words, if you have petabytes of data in your data lake and you need to crunch through it in short order, ORC, Parquet and ROS are valuable.  However, Cloudera recently announce a new data structure and project called Kudu (link) that also addresses the needs of an operational analytics use case – one where you need to small queries on the smaller data sets, particularly as they are ingested into the data lake. It’s still in incubation, but if the vision is realized, it will mean better efficiency and easier implementation for companies who need to do both analytical and operational systems.  We’ll explore this and its tie to Kafka and Spark in my next post.